2013년 11월 24일 일요일

About 'university of south alabama graduate programs'|Rankings of online college and graduate programs released







About 'university of south alabama graduate programs'|Rankings of online college and graduate programs released








African-American               Congressional               Gold               Medal               Recipients
By               Eric               Williams               As               sad               is               it               may               be               to               admit,               I               have               to               say               that               it               took               more               research               than               I               originally               anticipated               just               to               come               up               with               a               list               of               all               the               African-Americans               who               have               been               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor.

Incredibly,               there               were               no               online               web               sites               dedicated               to               providing               such               information,               which               only               served               to               lengthen               the               time               it               took               to               actually               put               this               article               together.


               However,               I               have               once               again               managed               to               go               above               and               beyond               the               call               of               duty               and               have               managed               to               compile               the               list               of               influential               African-Americans               to               receive               the               nation's               highest               civilian               award               and               a               short               description               of               each               recipient's               accomplishments.


               The               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor               is               the               highest               award               which               may               be               bestowed               by               the               Legislative               Branch               of               the               United               States               government.

The               decoration,               commonly               referred               to               simply               as               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal,               is               awarded               to               any               individual               who               performs               an               outstanding               deed               or               act               of               service               to               the               security,               prosperity,               and               national               interest               of               the               United               States               of               America.

The               recipient               need               not               be               an               American               citizen.

The               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor               is               considered               the               United               States               Congress               equivalent               to               the               Presidential               Medal               of               Freedom.

Both               decorations               are               generally               considered               to               hold               the               same               degree               of               prestige               (though               significantly               fewer               Gold               Medals               have               been               awarded),               with               the               difference               being               that               the               Freedom               Medal               is               personally               awarded               by               the               President               of               the               United               States               and               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               is               awarded               in               the               name               of               the               U.S.

Congress.


               Legislation               bestowing               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               to               a               recipient               must               be               co-sponsored               by               two               thirds               of               the               
               membership               of               both               the               House               of               Representatives               and               the               Senate               before               their               respective               committees               will               consider               it.


               The               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor               is               created               by               the               United               States               Mint               to               specifically               commemorate               the               person               and               achievement               for               which               the               medal               is               awarded.

Each               medal               is               therefore               different               in               appearance               and               there               is               no               standard               design               for               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor.


               The               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor               is               also               considered               "non-portable",               meaning               that               the               medal               is               not               meant               to               be               worn               on               a               uniform               or               other               clothing,               but               rather               displayed               much               like               a               trophy.

The               Congressional               Gold               Medal               of               Honor               is               a               completely               separate               decoration               from               the               Medal               of               Honor               which               is               a               military               award               for               extreme               bravery               in               action.

Another               similiarly               named               decoration               is               the               Congressional               Space               Medal               of               Honor,               presented               by               NASA               for               extreme               accomplishment               to               the               mission               of               United               States               space               exploration.


               Now,               with               all               of               that               out               of               the               way,               let's               look               at               the               recipients,               many               of               whom               are               easily               recognizable               names               and               some               who               may               not               be.


               Roberto               Clemente               (1934-1972)               
               Although               Clemente               was               born               in               Puerto               Rico,               he               is               still               a               man               of               color               who               is               recognized               as               one               of               the               most               beloved               and               honored               athletes               to               ever               participate               in               any               sport               on               U.S.

soil.

The               career               Pittsburgh               Pirate               who               was               the               number               one               pick               of               the               1954               draft               played               in               two               World               Series,               batting               .310               in               1960               and               .414               in               1971.

He               was               the               National               League               Batting               Champion               four               times,               was               awarded               twelve               Gold               Gloves,               selected               National               League               MVP               in               1966               and               was               chosen               as               the               MVP               in               the               1971               World               Series.

Roberto               Clemente               died               on               December               31,               1972               in               a               plane               crash               while               in               the               process               of               taking               clothing,               food               and               medical               supplies               to               earthquake               victims               in               Nicaragua.

He               was               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               by               the               United               States               Congress               on               May,               14,               1973.
               
               Marian               Anderson               (1897-1993)               
               Marian               Anderson               was               born               in               Philadelphia               in               February               of               1897               and               gave               the               world               over               a               half-century               of               sheer,               unadulterated               pleasure               with               a               voice               that               has               been               described               in               glowing               terms               since               her               death               in               1993.


               Anderson               received               the               Presidential               Medal               of               Freedom               in               1963,               a               Congressional               Gold               Medal               in               1978,               the               Eleanor               Roosevelt               Human               Rights               Award               in               1984               and               a               Grammy               Lifetime               Achievement               Award               in               1991.

Anderson's               reputation               rests               not               only               on               the               quality               of               her               voice               but               also               on               the               dignity               with               which               she               asserted               her               right               to               be               heard.

Marian               Anderson               died               in               Portland,               Oregon,               on               8th               April,               1993.

Although               the               world               has               produced               a               multitude               of               talented               singers,               there               will               never               be               another               Marian               Anderson.

Anderson               was               awarded               her               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               March               8,               1977.
               Joe               Louis               (1914-1981)               
               The               "Brown               Bomber"               was               born               in               Lexington,               Alabama               in               1914.

Louis               was               the               heavyweight               champion               of               the               world               from               1937               to               1949.

He               served               with               the               Army               in               World               War               II,               mostly               performing               in               boxing               matches               at               military               installations               around               the               world               in               a               morale-improving               program.

After               losing               his               boxing               title,               he               served               as               a               greeter               at               
               Caesar's               Palace               in               Las               Vegas.


               When               Louis               did               not               technically               qualify               for               burial               in               Arlington               National               Cemetery,               President               Ronald               Reagan               waived               the               requirements               and               he               was               buried               in               Section               7-A,               near               the               Tomb               of               the               Unknowns,               following               his               death               on               April               12,               1981.


               At               the               time               of               Louis'               death               Reagan               said,               "I               was               privileged               and               will               always               be               grateful               to               have               had               Joe               Louis               as               my               friend.

Joe               fought               his               way               to               the               top               of               professional               boxing               and               into               the               hearts               of               millions               of               Americans.

Out               of               the               ring,               he               was               a               considerate               and               soft-spoken               man;               inside               the               ring,               his               courage,               strength,               and               consummate               skill               
               wrote               a               unique               and               unforgettable               chapter               in               sports               history.

But               Joe               Louis               was               more               than               a               sports               legend               -               his               career               was               an               indictment               of               racial               bigotry               and               a               source               of               pride               and               inspiration               to               millions               of               white               
               and               black               people               around               the               world.

All               of               America               mourns               his               loss,               and               we               convey               our               sympathy               to               his               family               and               friends.

But               we               also               share               their               pride               in               his               professional               achievements,               his               service               to               his               country,               and               his               strength               of               heart               and               spirit."               
               With               such               a               wonderful               statement               from               the               former               president,               need               I               say               anything               else?

Louis               was               awarded               his               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               August               26,               1982.
               
               Roy               Wilkins               (1901-1981)               
               Roy               Wilkins               was               a               prominent               civil               rights               activist               in               the               United               States               from               the               1930s               to               the               1970s.

Wilkins               graduated               from               the               University               of               Minnesota               with               a               degree               in               sociology               in               1923               and               worked               as               a               journalist               at               The               Minnesota               Daily               and               became               editor               of               St.

Paul               Appeal,               an               African-American               newspaper.

After               he               graduated               he               became               the               editor               of               the               Kansas               City               Call.

Wilkins               was               active               in               the               National               Association               for               the               Advancement               of               Colored               People               (NAACP)               and               between               1931               and               1934               was               assistant               NAACP               secretary               under               Walter               Francis               White.

When               W.

E.

B.

Du               Bois               left               the               organization               in               1934,               Wilkins               replaced               him               as               editor               of               Crisis,               the               official               magazine               of               the               NAACP.


               In               1955,               Wilkins               was               named               executive               director               of               the               NAACP               and               had               an               excellent               reputation               as               an               articulate               spokesperson               for               the               civil               rights               movement.

In               1967,               Wilkins               was               awarded               the               Presidential               Medal               of               Freedom               by               Lyndon               Johnson.

During               his               tenure,               the               NAACP               led               the               nation               into               the               Civil               Rights               movement               and               spearheaded               the               efforts               that               led               to               significant               civil               rights               victories,               including               Brown               v.

Board               of               Education,               the               Civil               Rights               Act               of               1964,               and               the               voting               Rights               Act               of               1965.

In               1977,               at               the               age               of               76,               Wilkins               retired               from               the               NAACP               and               was               succeeded               by               Benjamin               Hooks               after               a               life               of               trying               to               build               a               better               America               for               all               people               of               color.

Wilkins               was               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               August               9,               1985.
               Jesse               Owens               (1913-1980)               
               Owens'               prolific               accomplishments               are               so               legendary               that               they               have               been               etched               into               the               memories               of               nearly               every               American               over               the               age               of               30.


               When               Owens               finished               competing               in               the               1936               Olympics,               the               African-American               son               of               a               sharecropper               and               the               grandson               of               slaves               had               single-handedly               crushed               Adolph               Hitler's               myth               of               Aryan               supremacy.

He               gave               four               virtuoso               performances,               in               winning               gold               medals               in               the               100-               and               200-               meter               dashes,               the               long               jump               and               on               America's               4x100               relay               team.

However,               as               beloved               as               Owens               was,               even               by               the               hysterical               German               fans               at               those               very               same               Olympics,               he               found               that               equality               in               the               United               States               was               still               a               long               way               off.


               "When               I               came               back               to               my               native               country,               after               all               the               stories               about               Hitler,               I               couldn't               ride               in               the               front               of               the               bus,"               Owens               said.

"I               had               to               go               to               the               back               door.

I               couldn't               live               where               I               wanted.

I               wasn't               invited               to               
               shake               hands               with               Hitler,               but               I               wasn't               invited               to               the               White               House               to               shake               hands               with               the               President,               either."               Owens               was               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               Nov.

9,               1988.
               
               Colin               Powell               (1931-               )               
               Powell               is               one               of               the               few               recipients               on               this               list               who               is               still               alive.

Born               to               Jamaican               immigrants,               Luther               and               Maud               Powell,               Colin               was               raised               in               the               South               Bronx               and               educated               in               New               York               City's               public               school               system.

Following               his               graduation               from               high               school,               Powell               attended               City               College               of               New               York               (CCNY)               where               he               studied               geology               and               participated               in               the               ROTC.

Powell               graduated               from               CCNY               in               June               1958               and               received               a               commission               as               an               Army               second               lieutenant.

Powell               served               his               country               as               a               professional               soldier               for               35               years,               eventually               reaching               the               rank               of               four-star               general.

During               his               service,               he               served               as               Assistant               to               the               President               for               National               Security               Affairs               as               well               as               Chairman               of               the               Joint               Chiefs               of               Staff,               the               Department               of               Defense's               highest               military               position.

Following               his               retirement,               Powell               spent               time               on               his               career               as               a               public               speaker               and               penned               his               autobiography,               "My               American               Journey,"               with               Joseph               E.

Persico.

He               also               served               as               chairman               of               America's               Promise               -               The               Alliance               for               Youth,               a               nonprofit               organization               aimed               at               getting               Americans               from               all               walks               of               life               involved               in               the               lives               of               America's               young               people.

Powell               was               nominated               as               Secretary               of               State               on               December               16,               2000               and,               after               being               unanimously               confirmed               by               the               Senate,               was               sworn               in               as               the               first               African               American               Secretary               of               State               on               January               20,               2001.

Powell               was               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               August               23,               1991.
               Nelson               Rolihlahla               Mandela               (1918               -               )               
               Although               Nelson               Mandela               was               not               born               in               the               United               States,               the               former               president               of               South               Africa               has               made               contributions               to               all               of               mankind               that               take               a               back               seat               to               no               one.

Mandela               was               the               first               President               of               South               Africa               to               be               elected               in               fully-representative               democratic               elections.

Before               his               presidency               he               was               a               prominent               anti-apartheid               activist               committed               to               non-violence,               but               later               became               involved               in               the               planning               of               underground               armed               resistance               activities.

Mandela's               27-year               imprisonment,               much               of               which               he               spent               in               a               tiny               prison               cell               on               Robben               Island,               became               one               of               the               most               widely               publicized               examples               of               apartheid's               injustices.

Although               the               apartheid               regime               and               nations               sympathetic               to               it               considered               him               and               the               ANC               to               be               terrorist,               Mandela's               support               of               the               armed               struggle               against               apartheid               is               now               generally               regarded               as               justified.

Moreover,               the               policy               of               reconciliation               Mandela               pursued               upon               his               release               in               1990               facilitated               a               peaceful               transition               to               democracy               in               South               Africa.

Having               received               over               a               hundred               awards               over               four               decades,               Mandela               is               currently               a               celebrated               elder               statesman               who               continues               to               voice               his               opinion               on               topical               issues.

Mandela               once               said,               "I               have               fought               against               white               domination,               and               I               have               fought               against               black               domination.

I               have               cherished               the               ideal               of               a               democratic               and               free               society               in               which               all               persons               live               together               in               harmony               and               with               equal               opportunities.

It               is               an               ideal               which               I               hope               to               live               for               and               to               achieve.

But               if               needs               be,               it               is               an               ideal               for               which               I               am               prepared               to               die."               Mandela               was               awarded               the               Congressional               God               Medal               on               July               29,               1998
               Little               Rock               Nine               
               The               Little               Rock               Nine               were               true               heroes               and               heroines               of               the               Civil               Rights               movement               of               the               1950s               and               received               this               country's               highest               honor               given               to               a               civilian               for               their               triumphant               but               non-violent               trek               through               the               racist               mobs               that               mounted               a               life               threatening               effort               to               prevent               their               integrating               Little               Rock               Central               High               School.

It               was               1957               and               the               United               States               of               America               was               called               on               to               stand               up               for               the               promises               its               forefathers               had               made               in               the               US               Constitution               -               that               all               men               are               created               equal               and               have               equal               access.

President               Eisenhower               sent               troops               to               protect               these               nine               teenagers               who               shouldered               the               burden               of               breaking               through               barriers               built               by               generations               of               white               U.S.

residents               who               refused               to               see               black               people               as               deserving               of               equal               access               to               an               educational               opportunity.

These               are               the               nine               men               and               women,               who               as               children,               helped               forge               the               path               that               helped               America               fulfill               her               promise               of               equality               and               justice               for               all.They               were               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               October               21,               1998.
               Ernest               Green               
               In               1958,               he               became               the               first               black               student               to               graduate               from               Central               High               School.

He               graduated               from               Michigan               
               State               University               and               served               as               Assistant               Secretary               of               Housing               and               Urban               Affairs               under               President               Jimmy               
               Carter.

He               currently               is               a               managing               partner               and               vice               president               of               Lehman               Brothers               in               Washington,               D.C.
               Elizabeth               Eckford               
               The               only               one               of               the               nine               still               living               in               Little               Rock,               Elizabeth               made               a               career               of               the               U.S.

Army               that               included               work               as               a               journalist.

In               1974,               she               returned               to               the               home               in               which               she               grew               up               and               is               now               a               part-time               social               worker               and               mother               of               two               sons.


               Jefferson               Thomas               
               He               graduated               from               Central               in               1960,               following               a               year               in               which               Little               Rock's               public               high               schools               were               ordered               closed               by               the               legislature               to               prevent               desegregation.

Today,               he               is               an               accountant               with               the               U.S.

Department               of               Defense               and               lives               in               Anaheim,               Calif.


               Dr.

Terrence               Roberts               
               Following               the               historic               year               at               Central,               his               family               moved               to               Los               Angeles               where               he               completed               high               school.

He               earned               a               doctorate               degree               and               teaches               at               the               University               of               California               at               Los               Angeles               and               Antioch               College.

He               also               is               a               clinical               psychologist.


               Carlotta               Walls               Lanier               
               One               of               only               three               of               the               nine               who               eventually               graduated               from               Central,               she               and               Jefferson               Thomas               returned               for               their               senior               year               in               1959.

She               graduated               from               Michigan               State               University               and               presently               lives               in               Englewood,               Colorado,               where               she               is               in               real               estate.


               Minnijean               Brown               Trickey               
               She               was               expelled               from               Central               High               in               February,               1958,               after               several               incidents,               including               her               dumping               a               bowl               of               chili               on               one               of               her               antagonists               in               the               school               cafeteria.

She               moved               with               her               husband               to               Canada               during               the               Vietnam               War               protests               of               the               1960s               and               today               is               a               writer               and               social               worker               in               Ontario.

Winterstar               Productions               is               presently               filming               a               documentary               on               her               life.


               Gloria               Ray               Karlmark               
               She               graduated               from               Illinois               Technical               College               and               received               a               post-graduate               degree               in               Stockholm,               Sweden.

She               was               a               prolific               computer               science               writer               and               at               one               time               successfully               published               magazines               in               39               countries.

Now               retired,               she               divides               her               time               between               homes               in               Amsterdam,               The               Netherlands,               and               Stockholm,               where               her               husband's               family               lives.


               Thelma               Mothershed-Wair               
               She               graduated               from               college,               then               made               a               career               of               teaching.

She               lives               in               Belleville,               Illinois,               where               she               is               a               volunteer               in               a               program               for               abused               women.


               Melba               Pattillo               Beals               
               She               is               an               author               and               former               journalist               for               People               magazine               and               NBC               and               lives               in               San               Francisco
               Rosa               Parks               (1913-2005)               
               Rosa               Parks               was               an               African               American               civil               rights               activist               and               seamstress               whom               the               U.S.

Congress               dubbed               the               "Mother               of               the               Modern-Day               Civil               Rights               Movement."               Parks               is               famous               for               her               refusal               on               December               1,               1955               to               obey               a               bus               driver's               demand               that               she               give               up               her               seat               to               a               white               passenger.

Her               subsequent               arrest               and               trial               for               this               act               of               civil               disobedience               ignited               the               Montgomery               Bus               Boycott,               one               of               the               largest               and               most               successful               mass               movements               against               racial               segregation               in               history,               and               launched               Martin               Luther               King,               Jr.,               one               of               the               organizers               of               the               boycott,               to               the               forefront               of               the               civil               rights               movement.

Her               role               in               American               history               earned               her               an               iconic               status               in               American               culture,               and               her               actions               have               left               an               enduring               legacy               for               civil               rights               movements               worldwide.

Parks               was               awarded               her               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               May               4,               1999.
               Dr.

Dorothy               Irene               Height               (1912-               )
               Dorothy               Height               has               been               one               of               the               most               influential               African-Americans               in               modern               history.

The               administrator,               teacher,               and               social               activist               was               born               in               Richmond,               Virginia,               and               while               in               high               school,               she               was               awarded               a               scholarship               to               Barnard               College               for               her               oratory               skills               but               upon               arrival,               was               denied               entrance               (at               the               time,               the               college               only               admitted               two               African-Americans               per               academic               year               and               Dorothy               had               arrived               after               the               other               two               admittees).

She               later               pursued               studies               at               New               York               University               where               she               earned               her               master's               degree               in               psychology.

Height               began               her               career               working               as               a               caseworker               with               the               New               York               City               Welfare               Department,               but               at               the               age               of               twenty-five,               she               began               her               career               as               a               civil               rights               activist               when               she               joined               the               National               Council               of               Negro               Women.

She               fought               for               equal               rights               for               both               African-Americans               and               women,               and               in               1944               she               joined               the               national               staff               of               the               YWCA.

She               remained               active               with               the               organization               until               1977,               and               while               there,               she               developed               leadership               training               programs               and               interracial               and               ecumenical               education               programs.

In               1957,               Height               was               named               president               of               the               National               Council               of               Negro               Women,               a               position               she               held               until               1997.

During               the               height               of               the               civil               rights               movement               of               the               1960s,               Height               organized               "Wednesdays               in               Mississippi,"               which               brought               together               black               and               white               women               from               the               north               and               South               to               create               a               dialogue               of               understanding.

Leaders               of               the               United               States               regularly               took               her               counsel,               including               First               Lady               Eleanor               Roosevelt,               and               Height               also               encouraged               President               Dwight               D.

Eisenhower               to               desegregate               schools               and               President               Lyndon               B.

Johnson               to               appoint               African               American               women               to               positions               in               government.

She               has               served               on               a               number               of               committees,               including               as               a               consultant               on               African               affairs               to               the               secretary               of               state,               the               President's               Committee               on               the               Employment               of               the               Handicapped               and               the               President's               Committee               on               the               Status               of               Women.

She               has               received               the               Presidential               Medal               of               Freedom,               the               Franklin               Delano               Roosevelt               Freedom               From               Want               Award               and               the               Spingarn               Medal               from               the               NAACP.

She               has               also               been               inducted               into               the               National               Women's               Hall               of               Fame.

On               Dec.

6,               2003               she               was               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal.
               
               Rev.

Joseph               Armstrong               De               Laine               (1898-1974)
               To               the               South,               the               United               States               Supreme               Court's               decision               to               end               segregation               in               the               nation's               public               schools               was               a               calamity;               for               a               middle-aged               Methodist               minister               from               Clarendon               County,               South               Carolina,               it               was               the               fulfillment               of               a               lifelong               crusade.

The               Reverend               Joseph               Armstrong               DeLaine               was               one               of               the               true               heroes               in               the               civil               rights               struggle               to               break               down               the               barriers               of               segregation.

DeLaine's               commitment               to               his               faith               and               to               the               cause               of               civil               rights               began               at               an               early               age.

Expected               to               become               a               farmer               or               a               craftsman,               he               enrolled               instead               at               Allen               University               in               Columbia,               where               he               earned               a               bachelor's               degree               in               1931.

He               combined               preaching               with               teaching               and               was               a               public               school               teacher               in               South               Carolina               for               17               years.

As               a               teacher               at               the               Macedonia               Baptist               High               School               in               Blackville,               DeLaine               saw               that               discrimination               was               not               just               racial.

Despite               his               being               a               popular               and               effective               teacher,               the               school's               trustees               would               not               give               him               a               permanent               appointment               unless               he               left               the               African               Methodist               Episcopal               Church.

Of               this               incident,               he               wrote:               "A               person               who               hates               another               because               of               looks               is               just               as               bad               as               one               who               stupidly               hates               anther's               faith               in               the               church               of               his               choice."               During               his               activist               years               in               the               1950s,               DeLaine               received               several               death               threats.

Both               his               home               and               his               church               were               burned               to               the               ground,               and               he               fought               off               an               angry               mob               who               came               to               remove               him               from               his               parsonage.

The               origins               of               the               now               famous               Clarendon               County               School               Segregation               Case               began               in               the               late               1940s               when               DeLaine,               along               with               other               African-Americans,               sought               to               secure               equal               educational               opportunities               for               black               children.

Many               participants               in               the               movement               lost               their               jobs.

DeLaine,               his               two               sisters               and               a               niece               were               all               fired               from               their               teaching               positions.


               In               1950,               for               his               own               safety,               he               was               moved               form               Clarendon               County               to               another               pastorate               in               Lake               City.

In               May               1951,               this               first               legal               challenge               to               the               validity               of               the               "separate               but               equal"               doctrine               in               public               schools               was               heard               in               Charleston               before               a               panel               of               three               federal               judges.

Upon               appeal               to               the               United               States               Supreme               Court,               Briggs               v.

Elliott,               as               the               case               was               known,               was               returned               to               the               lower               court               for               a               review               of               South               Carolina's               efforts               to               improve               the               conditions               in               black               schools.

Ultimately,               Briggs               v.

Elliott               became               one               of               five               cases               which               were               considered               and               heard               collectively               under               the               name               of               Brown               v.

Board               of               Education               of               Topeka,               Kansas.

Success               came               at               a               price               for               DeLaine.

In               Lake               City,               he               was               subjected               to               a               reign               of               terror               that               eventually               persuaded               him               to               leave               the               state.

"I               am               not               running               from               justice               but               injustice,"               he               told               the               FBI.

He               was               relocated               to               upstate               New               York,               where               he               organized               and               became               pastor               of               an               AME               church               in               Buffalo.

Appropriately,               the               new               church               was               called               the               DeLaine-Waring               AME               Church,               after               the               two               men               who               had               done               so               much               to               revolutionize               the               educational               system               of               South               Carolina.

Forty-five               years               after               his               alleged               crime               and               more               than               25               years               after               his               death,               the               Rev.

Joseph               Armstrong               DeLaine               -               a               civil               rights               pioneer               whose               early               work               led               to               the               desegregation               of               America's               public               schools-was               cleared               of               all               charges               today               by               state               officials               here               in               a               bittersweet               and               emotional               ceremony.

DeLaine               was               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               September               8,               2004.
               Levi               Pearson               
               Like               the               Reverend               DeLaine               and               Harry               and               Eliza               Briggs,               Levi               Pearson               was               an               integral               participant               in               the               
               struggle               to               equalize               the               educational               experiences               of               white               and               black               students               in               South               Carolina.


               Pearson,               with               the               assistance               of               Reverend               Joseph               DeLaine,               filed               a               lawsuit               against               the               Clarendon               
               County               School               District               to               protest               the               inequitable               treatment               of               black               children.


               As               a               result               of               his               lawsuit,               Pearson               also               suffered               from               acts               of               domestic               terror,               such               as               the               
               time               gun               shots               were               fired               into               his               home,               as               well               as               economic               consequences:               local               banks               refused               to               provide               
               him               with               credit               to               purchase               farming               materials               and               area               farmers               refused               to               lend               him               equipment.


               Although               his               case               was               ultimately               dismissed               on               a               technicality,               Levi               Pearson's               courage               to               stand               up               for               
               equalized               treatment               and               funding               for               black               students               served               as               the               catalyst               for               further               attempts               to               
               desegregate               South               Carolina               schools,               as               he               continued               to               fight               against               segregation               practices               and               became               
               President               of               Clarendon               County               Chapter               of               the               NAACP
               
               Harry               and               Eliza               Briggs.


               As               with               Reverend               DeLaine               and               Levi               Pearson,               the               family               of               Harry               and               Eliza               Briggs               suffered               consequences               for               their               efforts:               Harry               and               Eliza               both               were               fired               from               their               jobs               and               forced               to               move               their               family               to               Florida.

Although               they               and               their               family               suffered               tremendously,               Harry               and               Eliza               Briggs               were               also               pioneers               leading               the               effort               to               desegregate               America's               
               public               schools               and               were               awarded               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               on               September               8,               2004.
               Jackie               Robinson
               Hall               of               Fame               baseball               player               Jackie               Robinson               became               Major               League               Baseball's               first               African-American               player               in               1947               and               a               leading               pioneer               in               the               nation's               civil               rights               movement.

Robinson               was               recognized               posthumously               by               receiving               the               Congressional               Gold               Medal               in               2005.

Robinson,               who               played               for               the               Dodgers               from               1947-56,               is               just               the               second               baseball               player               and               fourth               athlete               to               receive               the               prestigious               honor,               joining               Hall               of               Fame               big               leaguer               Roberto               Clemente               (1973),               heavyweight               boxing               champion               Joe               Louis               (1982)               and               Olympic               track               and               field               star               Jesse               Owens               (1988).
               







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